Astronomy
This is a description of the science of Astronomy and what it is, with a video and provisions for links to future articles.
Showing posts with label space. Show all posts
Showing posts with label space. Show all posts
Friday, November 11, 2011
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
Friday, October 28, 2011
The Science of Cosmology
Cosmology: The scientific discipline dealing with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe
A cosmology: Any theory or doctrine that describes the natural order of the universe.
Every civilization has had a cosmology as far back as it known and they have usually taken the form of a philosophically based mythology. Increased knowledge in Physics and Chemistry has resulted in a more scientific approach but philosophic assumptions still play a major role in Cosmology.
The Big Bang Cosmology is the current Cosmology of the scientific establishment. The model starts with all mater and space squeezed into an infinitesimal dot called a singularity. This infinitesimal dot suddenly underwent an extremely energetic expansion commonly described as an explosion. Over time the heat of this expansion cooled eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets and eventually us. CBR is seen as residual heat from the Big Bang red shifted by the expansion of t he universe. The Big Bang is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. First there is absolute naturalism with no intelligents or purpose being allowed in the process. The universe is considered to be unbounded with no edge that is no point beyond which there is no mater. Finally there is the cosmological principle which states that the universe looks the same from every place. The goal is to deal with the fact that we seem to be at the center of the universe by making every place look like the center
Creationist Cosmology is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. The first is God as the creative intelligents with purpose in the process. The universe viewed as bounded with an edge beyond which no mater is found. There is a center to the universe and the Earth is near it. Now this is not Geodetic because the universe does not rotate around the Earth Plugging these assumptions along with the observed expansion into relativity results in time dilation at the center where the Earth would have been producing a time line on Earth consistent with the Biblical account. CBR is seen as the light God created on day one red shifted by an expansion factor of about 3,300.
In conclusion Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe but is heavily dependent on philosophical assumptions since we only see the universe a one location that is the Earth. Evolutionary and Creationist Cosmologies are based on different assumptions producing different results for the same data.
A cosmology: Any theory or doctrine that describes the natural order of the universe.
Every civilization has had a cosmology as far back as it known and they have usually taken the form of a philosophically based mythology. Increased knowledge in Physics and Chemistry has resulted in a more scientific approach but philosophic assumptions still play a major role in Cosmology.
The expansion of the Universe was discovered by Edwin Hubble discovered in 1929 by measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies. In 1998 it was discovered the expansion of the universe to be accelerating based on observations of type Ia supernovae.
Cosmic Background Radiation is the thermal black body spectrum that is nearly uniform in every direction, It represents a temperature of 2.725 K peaking in the microwave range a frequency of 160.2 GHz, with a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It was first observed in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill , New Jersey
The Big Bang Cosmology is the current Cosmology of the scientific establishment. The model starts with all mater and space squeezed into an infinitesimal dot called a singularity. This infinitesimal dot suddenly underwent an extremely energetic expansion commonly described as an explosion. Over time the heat of this expansion cooled eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets and eventually us. CBR is seen as residual heat from the Big Bang red shifted by the expansion of t he universe. The Big Bang is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. First there is absolute naturalism with no intelligents or purpose being allowed in the process. The universe is considered to be unbounded with no edge that is no point beyond which there is no mater. Finally there is the cosmological principle which states that the universe looks the same from every place. The goal is to deal with the fact that we seem to be at the center of the universe by making every place look like the center
There Other Naturalistic Cosmologies such as the steady state cosmology which has no beginning or end to the universe but requires a continual source of new matter. There is a new Cosmology called the electric universe which depicts much of the phenomenon in universe as being electrical in nature. It is not yet fully developed.
Creationist Cosmology is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. The first is God as the creative intelligents with purpose in the process. The universe viewed as bounded with an edge beyond which no mater is found. There is a center to the universe and the Earth is near it. Now this is not Geodetic because the universe does not rotate around the Earth Plugging these assumptions along with the observed expansion into relativity results in time dilation at the center where the Earth would have been producing a time line on Earth consistent with the Biblical account. CBR is seen as the light God created on day one red shifted by an expansion factor of about 3,300.
In conclusion Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe but is heavily dependent on philosophical assumptions since we only see the universe a one location that is the Earth. Evolutionary and Creationist Cosmologies are based on different assumptions producing different results for the same data.
Monday, October 17, 2011
Motion in Physics it Moves Things
Motion: The change in the location of an object with respect to time.
Strait line motion is basic motion in a strait ling with no force involved thus no acceleration and a constant velocity. Circular motion is motion around a central point it results from a force being applied to an object at a right angle to the objects motion such as gravity keeping a satellite in orbit is a good example.
Relativity theory shows that all motion is relative since it can only be measured relative to a given observer. These measurements are also reversible such that if I see someone moving a given direction at a given speed, he sees me going the opposite direction at the same speed.
The Quantization of Quantum Mechanics
Quantization: The situation where physical quantities like position, energy and momentum can have only certain discrete values.
While a particle’s position, energy and momentum in free empty space are continuous, if the particle is bound to an area of space can only have certain discrete values. The energy contained in a given frequency of electromagnetic waves is quantized in that it always has the same value at the same frequency. The electromagnetic energy is found in discrete packet called photons.
The quantization of the energy od an electron within an atom explains much of their behavior such as why atoms emit only discrete frequencies of light. An electron that is in a low orbit of an atom can absorb a photon causing the electron to jump to a higher orbit. The electron then emits a photon jumping back to the lower orbit.
The quantization of space-time us based on several natural units proposed by Max Planck that are based on five universal physical constants: Gravitational constant, Reduced Planck constant, Speed of light in a vacuum, Coulomb constant, and Boltzmann's constant
While most of them have no physical significance two of them Planck Length and Planck Time are the smallest possible measurements of space-time according our current understanding of the laws of Physics because of the uncertainty principle when a plied to these scales. This suggests that time and space themselves are Quantized.
Planck Length = 1.616 252 × 10−35 m
Planck Length is the smallest measurement of length that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today.
Planck Time = 5.391 24 × 10−44 s
Planck Time is the amount of time it takes a photon to cross a Planck Length. It is the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today.
Quantization requires physical quantities like position, energy and momentum to have discrete values explaing much of what goes on in side atom and based on our current understanding of the laws of physics it suggest that time and space are quantized.
Saturday, October 1, 2011
Space is Not Nothing
Space: The 3 dimensional extent in which objects and events occur, with a relative position to other objects and events.
Space is often illustrated by 3 lines representing the three spacial dimensions. They are the axis of a 3d graph. In 3d space you can move in 3 directions forwards and backwards; up and down and left to right.
Kilogmeter – 1000 meters
Astronomical Unit (AU): The average distance between Earth and Sun. - 1 AU = 149,598,000 km
Light year (LY): The distance light travels in one year. Note this is a unit of distance not time. 1 ly = 9,460,528,400,000 km 1 ly = 63,240 AU (s07c)
Parsec (pc): The distance with a parallax of one arcsecond. 30,857,000,000,000 km 206,260 AU 3.26156 ly (s08d)
Other methods include bouncing light, radio waves, or sound off of an object using the return time to measure distance. These include radar and sonar.
Parallax uses geometry to measure distance it is used in Astronomy and land surveying.
Space is one of the three main parts of the Universe space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity. Intern mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time.
In conclusion based on common experience space is basically where you are. You are at a particular point in space relative to other objects. Physics however has shown it to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.
In a more general sense space can refer to an nth dimensional hyper-volume.
Space is often illustrated by 3 lines representing the three spacial dimensions. They are the axis of a 3d graph. In 3d space you can move in 3 directions forwards and backwards; up and down and left to right.
Not so empty space
General Relativity depicts space and time as a fabric that can be warped, bent, twisted, stretched and contracted. Quantum Mechanics describes subatomic particles coming and going even in a vacuum. Space is not empty, it is not nothing. Yes I know this is a double negative however empty space is normally thought of as nothing but it is something.
Units of Measure
Basic SI unit – meter.
meter(m): The distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.Kilogmeter – 1000 meters
Astronomical Unit (AU): The average distance between Earth and Sun. - 1 AU = 149,598,000 km
Light year (LY): The distance light travels in one year. Note this is a unit of distance not time. 1 ly = 9,460,528,400,000 km 1 ly = 63,240 AU (s07c)
Parsec (pc): The distance with a parallax of one arcsecond. 30,857,000,000,000 km 206,260 AU 3.26156 ly (s08d)
Measurement
Most common methods of measuring space are rulers.
Odometers are another common way of measuring distance and there by space Other methods include bouncing light, radio waves, or sound off of an object using the return time to measure distance. These include radar and sonar.
Parallax uses geometry to measure distance it is used in Astronomy and land surveying.
Distance and position must be measured according to some standard. The standard has to be a chosen point in space. The point is selected by ether convenience or convention with out such a starting point determining distance and position is impossible..
Space is one of the three main parts of the Universe space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity. Intern mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time.
In conclusion based on common experience space is basically where you are. You are at a particular point in space relative to other objects. Physics however has shown it to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.
Friday, September 30, 2011
It Is All About Time
Time: The dimension that is characterized by sequences of events. In physics it is seen as a 4th dimension
second: Duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation of the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium133 atom. It was originally defined based on a day.
Other units
Hour: 60 minutes – 3600 seconds.
Day: The time needed for the sun to return to its highest in the sky. - 24 hours
Week: a period of 7 days It is the only time unit not based on an astronomical period. It comes from the Jewish Sabbath cycle which is based on the creation week of Genesis 1.
Month: Based originally on orbital period of the moon. In the Gregorian calendar; the calendar used by most of the world; months vary from 28-31 days.
Year: The orbital period of the Earth as it moves around the Sun. It is a period of 365.2596 days. The calendar year is rounded to 365 days with a leap day every 4 years.
According to Special and General Relativity time is a 4th dimension. It is unique in that we only travel through time one way. (forward). Time is one of the three main parts of the Universe: space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity. Mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time.
The perception of the rate of time is variable but time is always experienced in the same way. We remember the past, we exist in the present and we look forward to the future.
In conclusion our common experience time is the sequence of events we experience. Physics has shown that it is to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.
SI unit
second: Duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation of the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium133 atom. It was originally defined based on a day.
Other units
Hour: 60 minutes – 3600 seconds.
Day: The time needed for the sun to return to its highest in the sky. - 24 hours
Week: a period of 7 days It is the only time unit not based on an astronomical period. It comes from the Jewish Sabbath cycle which is based on the creation week of Genesis 1.
Month: Based originally on orbital period of the moon. In the Gregorian calendar; the calendar used by most of the world; months vary from 28-31 days.
Year: The orbital period of the Earth as it moves around the Sun. It is a period of 365.2596 days. The calendar year is rounded to 365 days with a leap day every 4 years.
According to Special and General Relativity time is a 4th dimension. It is unique in that we only travel through time one way. (forward). Time is one of the three main parts of the Universe: space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity. Mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time.
Perception of time
The perception of the rate of time is variable but time is always experienced in the same way. We remember the past, we exist in the present and we look forward to the future.
In conclusion our common experience time is the sequence of events we experience. Physics has shown that it is to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Dimensions: the Directions in Physics
Dimensions: Directions that are mutually perpendicular to each other.The depiction of dimensions are as an axis lines that show the direction of a particular dimension.
In physics dimensions have been classically used with space however Spacial Relativity added time as a dimension. Cosmological Relativity adds cosmic expansion velocity as a dimension. String theory uses from 10 - 26 dimensions and M theory uses 11 dimensions. Mathematically any number of dimensions is possible from zero to infinite dimensions.
Nth Dimensional Modeling is useful for describing more than physical dimensions it can model the distribution of any set of properties expressed as numbers.
While dimensions are primarily used to describe space and time though some physical theories use more than three spacial dimensions specifically string theory. They can also be used to model the distribution of non spacial properties.
Building Dimensions
A point has 0 dimensions.
A point gets expanded into a line.
A lined gets expanded into a plane.
A plain gets expanded into a space.
This process can be expanded indefinitely with no theoretical limit. Despite the fact that our existence has only three spacial dimensions any number of dimensions is theoretically possible.
In physics dimensions have been classically used with space however Spacial Relativity added time as a dimension. Cosmological Relativity adds cosmic expansion velocity as a dimension. String theory uses from 10 - 26 dimensions and M theory uses 11 dimensions. Mathematically any number of dimensions is possible from zero to infinite dimensions.
Nth Dimensional Modeling is useful for describing more than physical dimensions it can model the distribution of any set of properties expressed as numbers.
While dimensions are primarily used to describe space and time though some physical theories use more than three spacial dimensions specifically string theory. They can also be used to model the distribution of non spacial properties.
Monday, September 26, 2011
A Discussion of Science of Astronomy.
Astronomy: The natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena originating outside the Earth's atmosphere. Celestial objects include stars, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, nebulae, star clusters, globular cluster and galaxies.
The basic activity of astronomy is observing celestial objects and measuring their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.
The invention of the telescope was a giant leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Further developments in telescope have opened up whole new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics
In the 20th century astronomy divided into two main fields. Observational Astronomy involves acquiring data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.
The basic activity of astronomy is observing celestial objects and measuring their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.
The invention of the telescope was a giant leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Further developments in telescope have opened up whole new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics
In the 20th century astronomy divided into two main fields. Observational Astronomy involves acquiring data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.
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